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India’s International Tax Regime: Strategic Insights from Judicial Rulings on Treaty Benefits, Fees for Technical Services, and Digital Taxation July 2025 I. Introduction: The Dynamic Indian Tax Landscape India’s international tax framework, governed by the Income Tax Act, 1961, and an extensive network of Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs), shapes…
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Anti-Money Laundering in UAE and Saudi Real Estate: Strategic Compliance Across Jurisdictions and Cross-Border Risk Interfaces Introduction The United Arab Emirates’ 2024 removal from the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) grey list and Saudi Arabia’s intensified enforcement under Royal Decree No. M/15 of 2021 on Anti-Money Laundering mark a regional inflection point…
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UAE's New Competition Law: Strategic Insights for Merger Control Introduction The United Arab Emirates (UAE) continues to reinforce its position as a global investment hub through progressive legislative reforms. Central to this evolving landscape is the Federal Decree-Law No. 36 of 2023 on the Regulation of Competition (the "Competition Law"), a landmark…
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Parallel Imports in the UAE: Trademark Rights, Agency Law, and Strategic Enforcement for Global Brands The United Arab Emirates adopts a national exhaustion doctrine for goods distributed through a registered commercial agent, but a more flexible approach for unregistered imports, positioning it as a sophisticated global trade hub under Vision…
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Foreign Property Ownership in Saudi Arabia: Navigating a New Era for Strategic Investment Saudi Arabia's macroeconomic transformation under Vision 2030 is fundamentally recalibrating its real estate sector. The recent Law of Real Estate Ownership and Investment by Non-Saudis, updated by new legislation approved on 8 July 2025, and effective January 2026,…
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Strategic Market Entry in Dubai’s Property Sector: Dispute Strategies, Deferred Ownership, and Cross-Border Catalysts (Part II of II) Introduction Dubai's real estate market presents a compelling platform for strategic investors, from institutional funds to corporate entities, seeking to deploy capital through innovative ownership and financing models. This second installment of…
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Parallel Importation in the UAE: Strategic Legal and Commercial Dimensions for Global Brands Parallel importation—the resale of genuine branded goods through unauthorized channels—engages the United Arab Emirates’ sophisticated legal framework as it cements its stature as a global trade hub under Vision 2030. Federal Decree-Law Number 36 of 2021 and Federal Law Number…
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Due Diligence in Property Purchase in Dubai: Legal and Commercial Safeguards for Freehold Buyers Acquiring freehold property in Dubai—whether through off-plan investment or a secondary market purchase—demands rigorous and multidimensional due diligence. As real estate transactions in the Emirate grow in complexity and value, buyers must navigate legal, financial, structural,…
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The Future of Arbitration in Saudi Arabia: From SCCA to International Enforceability under New Reforms Introduction Saudi Arabia is reshaping its dispute resolution ecosystem, propelled by Vision 2030’s ambition to position the Kingdom as a global investment hub. Arbitration, once viewed with skepticism, now stands as a cornerstone of legal…
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Enforcing Arbitral Awards under the New York Convention: Strategic Insights from the GCC Legal Landscape Introduction The New York Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 establishes a global enforcement framework binding all six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states—United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar,…
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Smarter Deals: How AI is Transforming M&A Due Diligence in the Gulf Introduction In 2025, a Dubai-based acquirer leverages a proprietary AI platform to complete legal and financial due diligence for a $900 million cross-border acquisition in record time. The platform reviews 25,000 documents, flags change-of-control clauses, identifies ESG liabilities,…
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Strategic Market Entry in Dubai’s Property Sector: A Legal and Commercial Framework (Part I of II) Introduction Dubai’s $120 billion property market in 2025 is a strategic axis for CEOs, hedge funds, and private credit entrants, offering tax-free yields through freehold and leasehold regimes. Regulated by the Dubai Land Department…
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Navigating Kuwait’s Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences Regulatory Landscape: A Two-Part Series (Part I) In an era where regulatory certainty underpins public trust in healthcare systems, few institutions command the same global stature as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (the FDA). Renowned for its rigorous pre-market evaluations and robust post-market…
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Bahrain–UAE Investment Protection Agreement On 10 March 2025, Bahrain officially ratified the Bahrain–UAE Investment Protection Agreement (IPA), which had been signed on 11 February 2024 in Dubai. The bi-lateral treaty is a significant legal and economic milestone, establishing the basis for deeper commercial links, more secure investment protections, and co-ordinated…
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